Showing posts with label pat robertson. Show all posts
Showing posts with label pat robertson. Show all posts

Sunday, April 6

The Virginian-Pilot's Bill Sizemore on Pat Robertson

My friend and yours, American Talibanist Pat Robertson, was exposed a while back for his role in denying compensation to a sponsor of his "age-defying shake" and threatening him when he chose to use legal means to recoup $. The Virginian-Pilot exposed Robertson, and he threatened to sue them...only to come back some time later (after talking to a lawyer who told him we have this pesky thing called "freedom of the press" -- Robertson never passed the bar exam after getting his JD in 1955) and try to buy off the paper.

The author of the original expose, Bill Sizemore, now has another great article on Robertson's past and details on how he came into the ministry and got involved with TV.

From Sizemore's piece:
In the decade between the time The 700 Club became a daily program and the midseventies, CBN purchased a new facility in Portsmouth with a 175,000-watt transmitter, then a staggering 2.25-million-watt transmitter that could reach most of the mid-Atlantic coastline. Robertson also purchased five radio stations in New York State and new TV stations in Atlanta and Dallas. Then, in 1976, CBN bought a satellite and, months later, broadcast its first feed from Jerusalem. Robertson’s teleministry was now big business. In 1972, Robertson wrote that you can’t “worry about technical production when the cameraman is caught up in the Spirit and begins to weep over someone’s testimony . . . Who cares about the time if God is moving?” But only a few years later, CBN’s brand of production had become distinctly professional. No longer were broadcast slots subject to whim. No more was airtime filled with homemade puppet shows.

Along with the increasingly political slant of the show came more and more secularized programming, aimed at broadening the network’s appeal. CBN began showing family-friendly reruns like Lassie to help finance pricey advertisements for The 700 Club on other networks. Soon, secular shows took up the bulk of CBN’s airtime. This shift led to Robertson’s first run-in with the government, when the state of Massachusetts realized that the programming on WXNE-TV in Boston, purchased by CBN in 1977, was more than 50 percent secular. The station could be tax-exempt only if it functioned as a church instead of a business. Robertson subsequently shifted his holdings to a new company, Continental Broadcasting—some said this shift was to prevent the state from accessing CBN’s financial records.

This glitch did little to slow CBN’s progress, however. The station was finally beginning to turn a profit, after years of surviving on charity from Robertson’s father and local donors. The gifts had often been generous (a local car dealer, for example, once gave Robertson a free Lincoln), but Robertson’s wife still had to work in a local hospital to support their four children—two boys and two girls. By the middle seventies, though, Robertson’s risky decision to “renounce wealth and privilege” to pursue a life of Christian televangelism was suddenly paying off in a whole lot of wealth and privilege.

Robertson is one of the loudest Religious Right figures, and IMHO, there is more reason for him to be investigated more than the six that Grassley has recently focused on. Why? He's used non-profit resources to push his own for-profit ventures for years now. Even with the shake, for-profit, which he promotes on a tax-free non-profit religious channel. The lines between churches and businesses have become far too blurred, and it's about damned time to levy taxes against churches who sell lots of products and make lots of money -- they forfeit their right to claim tax exemption when they start running like a for-profit entity.

He and Dobson have for years opposed the McCain-Feingold Finance Reforms that put a dent in their ability to buy influence in DC. Not that Robertson doesn't still have enormous clout there, especially with Bush in the WH and a huge percentage of Regent grads in Washington (but not Adam Key). I think much of the public is misinformed: the overwhelming majority of people do want church-state separation, not the other way around. Here are some of Robertson's greatest hits:
“I don’t know about this doctrine of assassination, but if he [Hugo Chavez] thinks we’re trying to assassinate him, I think that we really ought to go ahead and do it.” [Link]

Robertson suggested that Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon’s recent stroke was the result of Sharon’s policy, which he claimed is “dividing God’s land.” [Link]

“You know some of them [college professors] are killers!” [Link]

“I believe it’s [Islam] motivated by demonic power. It is satanic and it’s time we recognize what we’re dealing with. … [T]he goal of Islam, ladies and gentlemen, whether you like it or not, is world domination.” [Link]

[The following are from the American Taliban]:

"The Islamic people, the Arabs, were the ones who captured Africans, put them in slavery, and sent them to America as slaves. Why would the people in America want to embrace the religion of slavers?"

"Just like what Nazi Germany did to the Jews, so liberal America is now doing to the evangelical Christians. It's no different...More terrible than anything suffered by any minority in history."

"When lawlessness is abroad in the land, the same thing will happen here that happened in Nazi Germany. Many of those people involved with Adolph Hitler were Satanists, many of them were homosexuals – the two things seem to go together."

"The feminist agenda is not about equal rights for women. It is about a socialist, anti-family political movement that encourages women to leave their husbands, kill their children, practice witchcraft, destroy capitalism, and become lesbians."

"You say you're supposed to be nice to the Episcopalians and the Presbyterians and the Methodists and this, that, and the other thing. Nonsense, I don't have to be nice to the spirit of the Antichrist."

"I know this is painful for the ladies to hear, but if you get married, you have accepted the headship of a man, your husband. Christ is the head of the household and the husband is the head of the wife, and that's the way it is, period."

"[Homosexuals] want to come into churches and disrupt church services and throw blood all around and try to give people AIDS and spit in the face of ministers."

"[Planned Parenthood] is teaching kids to fornicate, teaching people to have adultery, every kind of bestiality, homosexuality, lesbianism – everything that the Bible condemns."
Gotta love him.

Sunday, December 2

TCR: This Week in God

Lots of good God-related insanity this week to read at the TCR's This Week in God.

Pat Robertson has his interpretation of I-35, while Jesus' General has his own.


I promise that if Mr. James Stabile has "turned straight" for good that I'll start going back to church.

See Right Wing Watch for more.

Wednesday, November 21

Public wants church-state separation

We hear a lot from the vocal minority of religious fundamentalists who decry the Constitution's mandate of church-state separation.

Do they represent the mainstream?

Absolutely not.

The overwhelming majority of persons surveyed don't want politicians in their church, nor their pastors directing them how to vote.


This trend is nothing new, either:
This seems to have held up for several years. In 2004, a poll released by the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life found that 65% of Americans oppose church endorsement of political candidates, 69% think it improper for political parties to ask congregations for their membership lists and 64% oppose the idea of Catholic bishops denying communion to politicians who fail to support church teachings on abortion and related issues.

Moreover, in 2002, 75% of Americans said churches should not come out in favor of one candidate over another. In 2001, the Pew Research Center found that 65% of Americans said they did not “think it is ever right for clergy to discuss political candidates or issues from the pulpit.”

This, however, had to be the most amusing part of the poll:
On the Republican side there also has been a contest to win the backing of religious conservative leaders, including former New York Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani’s endorsement by televangelist Pat Robertson.

But the poll said that could hurt more than help — 29 percent said Mr. Robertson’s endorsement made them less likely to support Mr. Giuliani, while only 6 percent said they now are more likely to support him. That was consistent across all such demographic categories as age, party affiliation and income.
Apparently, appearing alongside a lunatic televangelist doesn’t carry quite the same electoral punch as the Giuliani campaign had hoped.
Keep the church and state forever separate. (Ulysses S. Grant, 1875, Leo Pfeffer, Church, State, and Freedom, 1967, p. 337)

Wednesday, October 17

Getting harder and harder to find good people

I mean, Regent U isn't producing too many Ph.D. biologists for Bush to appoint as cronies at the NIH, so instead, actually-qualified people are appointed, some of which have a rational view on stem cell research...which of course opposes that of their boss.

More on stem cells.

**UPDATE: Luckily, Bush was able to find a Regent U-connected crony to fill the top spot at the DHHS -- Susan Orr: also see here.**

*UPDATE 2:


Wow. Ironically, a news story just broke about Regent U after I finished typing this. Read it here. You won't regret it.*

Wednesday, September 6

Last Dance with Mary Jane

I was reading about Pat Robertson's financial woes in Radar Online, and noticed another article, Stoners vs. Six-Year-Olds: A Radar Investigation. In the (hilarious) article, two stoner adults were pitted against two (hopefully sober) young children and multiple species of monkeys. The results? The stoners failed versus kids and beasts. After reading it, though, it piqued my interest into the scientific evidence for long-term brain effects associated with marijuana use. No one disputes the acute effects, but are they reversed over time with abstinence? Apparently not, it turns out...
I still have to say that I can see no solid reasoning as to why alcohol is legal but marijuana is not. Although I do not now smoke [I promise], I support the legalization of marijuana. It is a well-known fact that long-term alcohol use can lead to as many, if not more, health defects as pot. Also, I've never heard of a "pot-related traffic accident". I used to smoke, and never had any problems operating any kind of machinery. In general, most people suspect that the government just won't legalize it because they can't tax it as effectively as they'd like. But this isn't an issue with which I'm intimately familiar, so I'll refer readers to NORML, MLO, Balanced Politics, SoYouWanna, LegalizationofMarijuana.com, CNN's special index, Wikipedia and Leighann Hedman's article.

The following is a long compilation of articles I found using simple PubMed searches. The results, summarized, are that long-term users of marijuana, even after stretches of abstinence as long as a month, show significant brain function impairment and brain structure alteration. Visit the articles for more details:
Effects of frequent marijuana use on memory-related regional cerebral blood flow

Robert I. Block, Daniel S. O'Leary, Richard D. Hichwa, Jean C. Augustinack, Laura L. Boles Ponto, M. M. Ghoneim, Stephan Arndt, Richard R. Hurtig, G. Leonard Watkins, James A. Hall et al.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Volume 72, Issues 1-2, May 2002, Pages 237-250
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00771-7

It is uncertain whether frequent marijuana use adversely affects human brain function. Using positron emission tomography (PET), memory-related regional cerebral blood flow was compared in frequent marijuana users and nonusing control subjects after 26+ h of monitored abstention. Memory-related blood flow in marijuana users, relative to control subjects, showed decreases in prefrontal cortex, increases in memory-relevant regions of cerebellum, and altered lateralization in hippocampus. Marijuana users differed most in brain activity related to episodic memory encoding. In learning a word list to criterion over multiple trials, marijuana users, relative to control subjects, required means of 2.7 more presentations during initial learning and 3.1 more presentations during subsequent relearning. In single-trial recall, marijuana users appeared to rely more on short-term memory, recalling 23% more than control subjects from the end of a list, but 19% less from the middle. These findings indicate altered memory-related brain function in marijuana users

Effects of marijuana on neurophysiological signals of working and episodic memory.

Ilan AB, Smith ME, Gevins A. San Francisco Brain Research Institute & SAM Technology, 425 Bush Street, San Francisco, CA 94108, USA. aaron@eeg.com
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Nov;176(2):214-22. Epub 2004 May 7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-1868-9
http://www.springerlink.com/content/b1x80ux5k8g3mh7x/

The primary psychoactive constituent of marijuana, Delta9-THC, activates cannabinoid receptors, which are especially abundant in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Acute marijuana smoking can disrupt working memory (WM) and episodic memory (EM) functions that are known to rely on these regions. However, the effects of marijuana on the brain activity accompanying such cognitive processes remain largely unexplored. OBJECTIVES: To examine such effects on performance and neurophysiological signals of these functions, EEG recordings were obtained from ten subjects (5M, 5F) performing cognitive tasks before and after smoking marijuana (3.45% Delta9-THC) or a placebo. WM was assessed with a spatial N-back task, and EM was evaluated with a test requiring recognition of words after a 5-10 min delay between study and test. RESULTS: Marijuana increased heart rate and decreased global theta band EEG power, consistent with increased autonomic arousal. Responses in the WM task were slower and less accurate after smoking marijuana, accompanied by reduced alpha band EEG reactivity in response to increased task difficulty. In the EM task, marijuana was associated with an increased tendency to erroneously identify distracter words as having been previously studied. In both tasks, marijuana attenuated stimulus-locked event-related potentials (ERPs). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that marijuana disrupted both sustained and transient attention processes resulting in impaired memory task performance. In subjects most affected by marijuana a pronounced ERP difference between previously studied words and new distracter words was also reduced, suggesting disruption of neural mechanisms underlying memory for recent study episodes.

Cerebrovascular perfusion in marijuana users during a month of monitored abstinence

Ronald I. Herning, PhD, Warren E. Better, MS, Kimberly Tate, BS and Jean L. Cadet, MD
NEUROLOGY 2005;64:488-493
© 2005 American Academy of Neurology
http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/64/3/488

Objective: To determine possible effects of prolonged marijuana use on the cerebrovascular system during a month of monitored abstinence and to assess how the intensity of current use might have influenced cerebrovascular perfusion in these marijuana users.
Method: The authors recorded blood flow velocity in the anterior and middle cerebral arteries using transcranial Doppler sonography in three groups of marijuana users who differed in the intensity of recent use (light: n = 11; moderate: n = 23; and heavy: n = 20) and in control subjects (n = 18) to assess the nature and duration of any potential abnormalities. Blood flow velocity was recorded within 3 days of admission and 28 to 30 days of monitored abstinence on an inpatient research unit in order to evaluate subacute effects of the drug and any abstinence-generated changes.
Results: Pulsatility index, a measure of cerebrovascular resistance, and systolic velocity were significantly increased in the marijuana users vs control subjects. These increases persisted in the heavy marijuana users after a month of monitored abstinence.
Conclusions: Chronic marijuana use is associated with increased cerebrovascular resistance through changes mediated, in part, in blood vessels or in the brain parenchyma. These findings might provide a partial explanation for the cognitive deficits observed in a similar group of marijuana users.

Abnormal brain activity in prefrontal brain regions in abstinent marijuana users

Dana A. Eldretha, John A. Matochikc, Jean L. Cadetd and Karen I. Bollaa,
NeuroImage Volume 23, Issue 3 , November 2004, Pages 914-920
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.032

We used PET 15O and a modified version of the Stroop task to determine if 25-day abstinent heavy marijuana (MJ) users have persistent deficits in executive cognitive functioning (ECF) and brain activity. Performance on a modified version of the Stroop task and brain activity was compared between 25-day abstinent, heavy marijuana users (n = 11), and a matched comparison group (n = 11). The 25-day abstinent marijuana users showed no deficits in performance on the modified version of the Stroop task when compared to the comparison group. Despite the lack of performance differences, the marijuana users showed hypoactivity in the left perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the left lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and hyperactivity in the hippocampus bilaterally, when compared to the comparison group. These results suggest that marijuana users display persistent metabolic alterations in brain regions responsible for ECF. It may be that marijuana users recruit an alternative neural network as a compensatory mechanism during performance on a modified version of the Stroop task. These differences in brain activity may be a common denominator in the evolution of maladaptive behaviors such as substance abuse and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

Neural substrates of faulty decision-making in abstinent marijuana users

Karen I. Bollaa, b, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Dana A. Eldretha, c, John A. Matochikd and Jean L. Cadete
NeuroImage Volume 26, Issue 2 , June 2005, Pages 480-492
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.012

Persistent dose-related cognitive decrements have been reported in 28-day abstinent heavy marijuana (MJ) users. However, the neural substrates of these decrements in cognitive performance are not known. This study aimed to determine if 25-day abstinent MJ users show persistent dose-related alterations in performance and brain activity using PET H215O during the Iowa Gambling Task-IGT (a decision-making task). Eleven heavy MJ users and 11 non-drug users participated. The MJ group resided in an inpatient research unit at the NIH/NIDA-IRP for 25 days prior to testing to ensure abstinence. A dose-related association was found between increased MJ use and lower IGT performance and alterations in brain activity. The MJ group showed greater activation in the left cerebellum and less activation in the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) than the Control group. When the MJ group was divided into Moderate (8–35 joints/week) and Heavy users (53–84 joints/week), the Heavy MJ group showed less activation in the left medial OFC and greater activation in the left cerebellum than the Moderate group. However, brain activity and task performance were similar between the Moderate MJ users and the Control group, suggesting a “threshold effect”. These preliminary findings indicate that very heavy users of MJ have persistent decision-making deficits and alterations in brain activity. Specifically, the Heavy MJ users may focus on only the immediate reinforcing aspects of a situation (i.e., getting high) while ignoring the negative consequences. Thus, faulty decision-making could make an individual more prone to addictive behavior and more resistant to treatment. Finally, it is unclear if these neurologic findings will become progressively worse with continued heavy MJ use or if they will resolve with abstinence from MJ use.

Neurovascular Deficits in Cocaine Abusers

Ronald I Herning Ph.D, Deborah E King MS, Warren E Better MS and Jean L Cadet MD
Neuropsychopharmacology (1999) 21
http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v21/n1/abs/1395324a.html

The nature of the neurological and cerebrovascular deficits in cocaine abusers and whether they persist in abstinence is unclear. Blood flow velocity of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries was measured by transcranial Doppler sonography in cocaine abusers (n = 50) and control subjects (n = 25). Blood flow velocity was measured within 3 days and again after about 28 days after being admitted to an inpatient research ward to determine whether blood flow velocity improved during monitored abstinence conditions. The mean, systolic, and diastolic velocities as well as the pulsatility index in middle and anterior cerebral arteries significantly differed between controls and cocaine abusers (p < .05). Cerebrovascular resistance is increased in cocaine abusers and the increase persists for over a month of abstinence. Further research is needed to determine whether cerebrovascular resistance can be improved by pharmacological manipulations and whether improved blood flow relates to improved treatment outcome. Reflection Impulsivity in Current and Former Substance Users.

L. Clark, T. Robbins, K. Ersche, B. Sahakian
Biological Psychiatry, Volume 60, Issue 5, Pages 515-522
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.007

Background: Chronic drug use is associated with increased impulsivity, risky decision making, and impaired behavioral control, but the underlying mechanisms of this neurocognitive profile remain unclear. We investigated impulsive responding in the context of decision making, using a novel behavioral measure of reflection impulsivity: the tendency to gather and evaluate information before making a decision.
Methods: The Information Sampling Task was administered to current substance users dependent on amphetamines (n = 24) or opiates (n = 40), former users of amphetamines or opiates abstinent for at least 1 year (n = 24), and non–drug-using control subjects (n = 26).
Results: Current users of amphetamines and opiates sampled less information than control subjects and responded at a lower probability of making a correct response. Amphetamine- and opiate-dependent subjects did not differ. Reduced reflection was also apparent in the former substance users, who did not differ from the current users. Questionnaire ratings of impulsivity (on the Barratt Impulsivity Scale, version 11) were also inflated in three groups of substance users but were not significantly correlated with performance on the behavioral task.
Conclusions: Reduced reflection is suggested to represent a cognitive marker for substance dependence that does not recover with prolonged abstinence and is associated with multiple drugs of abuse.

Challenges of marijuana research

Ponto, L.L.B.
Brain.2006; 129: 1081-1083
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl092

The use of any drug ideally represents a decision based on objective, scientifically based cost–benefit analyses that factor in both the short and long-term effects of that exposure. Pharmacological, toxicological, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations that are deemed to be essential for the rational use of any therapeutic agent are therefore part of the usual drug approval process. With regard to marijuana, sociopolitical factors have intervened in this scientific process. Three major lay perspectives appear to dominate the societal view of marijuana—the ‘reefer madness’ camp holding the view that there are no redeeming attributes to the ‘evil weed’, the ‘innocuous’ camp who consider it to be a harmless recreational substance and the ‘medical marijuana’ camp that believes marijuana to be a panacea for a multitude of aches, pains and chronic diseases with, of course, every shade of opinion in-between. On the scientific front, three trends preface nearly every recent journal article...
[you'll want to check this one out full-text, so just pull it up on-campus, and save it to the computer in .pdf format, and email it to yourself]

Neurological assessments of marijuana users.

Cadet JL, Bolla K, Herning RI.
Methods Mol Med. 2006;123:255-68
Here

This chapter summarizes the neurological approaches used to assess the potential long-term effects of drugs on the nervous system of drug abusers. These include the use of neuropsychological assessments, transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography, and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. Neuropsychological procedures are used in an effort to provide an unbiased estimate of the individual's cognitive capacity, and included tests of language skills, attention, memory, and motor skills. TCD allows for the measurements of blood flow in the anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries, which supply blood to the cortex. An EEG recording was included in our assessment on marijuana abusers using a sound-attenuated, electronically shielded chamber. These neurological approaches have allowed the detection of various neurological and neurovascular deficits that are associated with the abuse of marijuana.

Marijuana smoking and head and neck cancer

M Hashibe, DE Ford, and ZF Zhang
The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2002; 42:103-107
http://jcp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/42/11_suppl/103S

A recent epidemiological study showed that marijuana smoking was associated with an increased risk of head and neck cancer. Among high school students and young adults, the prevalence of marijuana use was on the rise in the 1990s, with a simultaneous decline in the perception that marijuana use is harmful. It will be a major public health challenge to make people aware of the harmful effects of marijuana smoking, when some people view it as the illicit drug with the least risk. The carcinogenicity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is not clear, but according to laboratory studies, it appears to have antitumor properties such as apoptosis as well as tumor-promoting properties such as limiting immune function and increasing reactive oxygen species. Marijuana tar contains similar carcinogens to tar from tobacco cigarettes, but each marijuana cigarette maybe more harmful than a tobacco cigarette since more tar is inhaled and retained when smoking marijuana. More molecular alterations have been observed in bronchial mucosa specimens of marijuana smokers compared to nonsmokers. Field cancerization may be occurring on the bronchial epithelium due to marijuana smoking exposure. Several case studies were suggestive of an association of marijuana smoking with head and neck cancers and oral lesions. However, in a cohort study with 8 years of follow-up, marijuana use was not associated with increased risks of all cancers or smoking-related cancers. Further epidemiological studies are necessary to confirm the association of marijuana smoking with head and neck cancers and to examine marijuana smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer. It will also be of interest to examine potential field cancerization of the upper aerodigestive tract by marijuana and to explore marijuana as a risk factor for oral premalignant lesions.

Cardiovascular consequences of marijuana use

S Sidney
The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2002; 42:64-70
http://jcp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/42/11_suppl/64S

This review describes what is known about effects of marijuana and cannabinoids in relation to human physiological and disease outcomes. The acute physiological effects of marijuana include a substantial dose-dependent increase in heart rate, generally associated with a mild increase in blood pressure. Orthostatic hypotension may occur acutely as a result of decreased vascular resistance. Smoking marijuana decreases exercise test duration in maximal exercise tests, increases the heart rate at submaximal levels of exercise. Tolerance develops to the acute effects of marijuana smoking and delta9-tetrahydrocannibol (THC) over several days to a few weeks. The cardiovascular responses that occur in response to THC are mediated by the autonomic nervous system, with recent findings also demonstrating that the human cannabinoid receptor system plays a role in regulating the cardiovascular response. Although several mechanisms exist by which marijuana use might contribute to the development of chronic cardiovascular conditions or acutely trigger cardiovascular events, there are few data regarding marijuana/THC use and cardiovascular disease outcomes. A large cohort study showed no association of marijuana use with cardiovascular disease hospitalization or mortality. However, acute effects of marijuana use include a decrease of the time until the onset of chest pain in patients with angina pectoris; one study has shown that marijuana may trigger the onset of myocardial infarction. Patients who have coronary heart disease or are at high risk for the development of CHD should be cautioned about the potential hazards of marijuana use as a precipitant for clinical events. Research directions might include more studies of cardiovascular disease outcomes and relationships of marijuana with cardiovascular risk factors, studies of metabolic and physiologic effects of chronic marijuana use that may affect cardiovascular disease risk, increased understanding of the role of the cannabinoid receptor system in cardiovascular regulation, and studies to determine if there is a therapeutic role for cannabinoids in blood pressure control or for neuroprotection after stroke.

Clinical consequences of marijuana

JH Khalsa, S Genser, H Francis, and B Martin
The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2002; 42:7-10
http://jcp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/42/11_suppl/7S

As documented in national surveys, for the past several years, marijuana has been the most commonly abused drug in the United States, with approximately 6% of the population 12 years and older having used the drug in the month prior to interview. The use of marijuana is not without significant health hazards. Marijuana is associated with effects on almost every organ system in the body, ranging from the central nervous system to the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory/pulmonary, and immune systems. Research presented in this special supplement will show that in addition to marijuana abuse/dependence, marijuana use is associated in some studies with impairment of cognitive function in the young and old, fetal and developmental consequences, cardiovascular effects (heart rate and blood pressure changes), respiratory/pulmonary complications such as chronic cough and emphysema, impaired immune function leading to vulnerability to and increased infections, and the risk of developing head, neck, and/or lung cancer. In general, acute effects are better studied than those of chronic use, and more studies are needed that focus on disentangling effects of marijuana from those of other drugs and adverse environmental conditions.

The residual cognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in college students.

Pope HG Jr, Yurgelun-Todd D.
JAMA. 1996 Feb 21;275(7):521-7.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/275/7/521

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether frequent marijuana use is associated with residual neuropsychological effects. DESIGN: Single-blind comparison of regular users vs infrequent users of marijuana. PARTICIPANTS: Two samples of college undergraduates: 65 heavy users, who had smoked marijuana a median of 29 days in the last 30 days (range, 22 to 30 days) and who also displayed cannabinoids in their urine, and 64 light users, who had smoked a median of 1 day in the last 30 days (range, 0 to 9 days) and who displayed no urinary cannabinoids. INTERVENTION: Subjects arrived at 2 PM on day 1 of their study visit, then remained at our center overnight under supervision. Neuropsychological tests were administered to all subjects starting at 9 AM on day 2. Thus, all subjects were abstinent from marijuana and other drugs for a minimum of 19 hours before testing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjects received a battery of standard neuropsychological tests to assess general intellectual functioning, abstraction ability, sustained attention, verbal fluency, and ability to learn and recall new verbal and visuospatial information. RESULTS: Heavy users displayed significantly greater impairment than light users on attention/executive functions, as evidenced particularly by greater perseverations on card sorting and reduced learning of word lists. These differences remained after controlling for potential confounding variables, such as estimated levels of premorbid cognitive functioning, and for use of alcohol and other substances in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Heavy marijuana use is associated with residual neuropsychological effects even after a day of supervised abstinence from the drug. However, the question remains open as to whether this impairment is due to a residue of drug in the brain, a withdrawal effect from the drug, or a frank neurotoxic effect of the drug.

Neuropsychological deficits in long-term frequent cannabis users

Lambros Messinis, PhD, Anthoula Kyprianidou, BSc, Sonia Malefaki, PhD and Panagiotis Papathanasopoulos, MD, PhD
NEUROLOGY 2006;66:737-739
http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/5/737

The authors examined neuropsychological functioning in 20 long-term (LT), 20 shorter term (ST) heavy frequent cannabis users, and 24 controls after abstinence for ≥24 hours prior to testing. LT users performed significantly worse on verbal memory and psychomotor speed. LT and ST users had a higher proportion of deficits on verbal fluency, verbal memory, attention, and psychomotor speed. Specific cognitive domains appear to deteriorate with increasing years of heavy frequent cannabis use.

Repeated cannabinoid exposure during perinatal, adolescent or early adult ages produces similar longlasting deficits in object recognition and reduced social interaction in rats

Melanie O'Shea, Iain S. McGregor, Paul E. Mallet
Journal of Psychopharmacology, Vol. 20, No. 5, 611-621 (2006)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881106065188

There is mounting evidence that chronic cannabis use might result in lasting neurobehavioural changes, although it remains unclear whether vulnerability diminishes with age. The current study compared the effects of cannabinoid exposure at three developmental periods on subsequent measures of memory and anxiety. Male rats aged 4 days (perinatal), 30 days (adolescent) and 56 days (young adult) were injected with vehicle or incremental doses of the cannabinoid receptor agonist CP 55940, daily for 21 consecutive days (0.15, 0.20 or 0.30mg/kg for 7 days per dose, respectively). Following a 28-day drug-free period, working memory was assessed in an object recognition task. One week later, social anxiety was assessed in a social interaction test. Two days later, generalized anxiety was assessed in an emergence test. Results revealed that CP 55940 impaired working memory and social interaction similarly at all three ages. CP 55940 had no effects in five of six emergence test measures, but a modest but significant reduction in anxiety was noted in one measure following adolescent exposure. We conclude that chronic cannabinoid exposure leads to long-term memory impairments and increased anxiety, irrespective of the age at which drug exposure occurrs.

Cannabis, Cognition, and Residual Confounding

Harrison G. Pope, Jr, MD
JAMA. 2002;287:1172-1174.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/287/9/1172

In this issue of THE JOURNAL, Solowij and colleagues1 report a variety of neuropsychological deficits in long-term cannabis users who were tested a median of 17 hours after their last reported cannabis intake. Their findings of impairments in memory and attention are not surprising since several large and well-controlled studies have found similar deficits on neuropsychological tests administered to long-term cannabis users after 12 to 72 hours of abstinence.2-5 If these deficits are brief and reversible (ie, due to a residue of cannabinoids lingering in the brain or to withdrawal effects from abruptly stopping the drug), they might not be a serious threat. However, if these deficits are prolonged or irreversible (ie, due to neurotoxicity from years of cumulative cannabis exposure), they become a matter of grave concern. The findings of Solowij and colleagues favor the latter possibility in that longer-term...
[you'll want to check this one out full-text, so just pull it up on-campus, and save it to the computer in .pdf format, and email it to yourself]

Marijuana use is associated with a reorganized visual-attention network and cerebellar hypoactivation

L. Chang, R. Yakupov, C. Cloak and T. Ernst
Brain 2006 129(5):1096-1112;
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl064
http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/129/5/1096

Attention and memory deficits have been reported in heavy marijuana users, but these effects may be reversible after prolonged abstinence. It remains unclear whether the reversibility of these cognitive deficits indicates that chronic marijuana use does not alter cortical networks, or that such changes occur but the brain adapts to the drug-induced changes. Blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) was performed in 24 chronic marijuana users (12 abstinent and 12 active) and 19 age-, sex- and education-matched control subjects during a set of visual-attention tasks with graded levels of difficulty. Neuropsychological tests were also administered on each subject. The two marijuana user groups showed no significant difference in usage pattern (frequency or duration of use, age of first use, cumulative joints used, averaged >2000 joints) or estimated cumulative lifetime exposure of {Delta}-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (mean 168 ± 45 versus 244 ± 135 g). Despite similar task and cognitive test performance compared with control subjects, active and abstinent marijuana users showed decreased activation in the right prefrontal, medial and dorsal parietal, and medial cerebellar regions, but greater activation in various frontal, parietal and occipital brain regions during the visual-attention tasks (all with P ≤ 0.001, corrected, cluster level). However, the BOLD signals in the right frontal and medial cerebellar regions normalized with duration of abstinence in the abstinent users. Active marijuana users, with positive urine tests for THC, showed greater activation in the frontal and medial cerebellar regions than abstinent marijuana users and greater usage of the reserve network (regions with load effect), suggesting a neuroadaptive state. Both earlier age of first use and greater estimated cumulative dose of THC exposure were related to lower BOLD signals in the right prefrontal region and medial cerebellum. The altered BOLD activation pattern in the attention network and hypoactivation of the cerebellum suggest neuroadaptive processes or alteration of brain development in chronic marijuana users. These changes also may be related to marijuana-induced alteration in resting cerebral blood volume/flow or downregulation of cannabinoid (CB1) receptors. The greater activation in the active compared with abstinent marijuana users demonstrates a neuroadaptive state in the setting of active marijuana use, while the long-term chronic effect of marijuana on the altered brain network may be reversible with prolonged abstinence.

Cognitive Functioning of Long-term Heavy Cannabis Users Seeking Treatment

Nadia Solowij, PhD; Robert S. Stephens, PhD; Roger A. Roffman, DSW; Thomas Babor, PhD, MPH; Ronald Kadden, PhD; Michael Miller, PhD; Kenneth Christiansen, PsyD; Bonnie McRee, MPH; Janice Vendetti, MPH; for the Marijuana Treatment Project Research Group
JAMA. 2002;287:1123-1131.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/9/1123

Context: Cognitive impairments are associated with long-term cannabis use, but the parameters of use that contribute to impairments and the nature and endurance of cognitive dysfunction remain uncertain.
Objective: To examine the effects of duration of cannabis use on specific areas of cognitive functioning among users seeking treatment for cannabis dependence.
Design, Setting, and Participants: Multisite retrospective cross-sectional neuropsychological study conducted in the United States (Seattle, Wash; Farmington, Conn; and Miami, Fla) between 1997 and 2000 among 102 near-daily cannabis users (51 long-term users: mean, 23.9 years of use; 51 shorter-term users: mean, 10.2 years of use) compared with 33 nonuser controls.
Main Outcome Measures: Measures from 9 standard neuropsychological tests that assessed attention, memory, and executive functioning, and were administered prior to entry to a treatment program and following a median 17-hour abstinence.
Results: Long-term cannabis users performed significantly less well than shorter-term users and controls on tests of memory and attention. On the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, long-term users recalled significantly fewer words than either shorter-term users (P = .001) or controls (P = .005); there was no difference between shorter-term users and controls. Long-term users showed impaired learning (P = .007), retention (P = .003), and retrieval (P = .002) compared with controls. Both user groups performed poorly on a time estimation task (P<.001 vs controls). Performance measures often correlated significantly with the duration of cannabis use, being worse with increasing years of use, but were unrelated to withdrawal symptoms and persisted after controlling for recent cannabis use and other drug use. Conclusions: These results confirm that long-term heavy cannabis users show impairments in memory and attention that endure beyond the period of intoxication and worsen with increasing years of regular cannabis use.
I'm sending a link of these studies to all of the people I know who I suspect would have more than an academic and impersonal interest in the findings...mom, dad, the sister, Mr. John P. Mitchell, of 3011 W. Northbury Lane, 222-1144 [just a joke].
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